Computer Components for a GIS Workstation

Demands of GIS Software on Computer Hardware
The focal point of a solid GIS lies in the software…


…because it’s what you use to create, edit, manage and display geographic data.

But GIS software needs to be run on a powerful GIS workstation. It’s the backbone of your GIS software.

Data storage, crisp graphic cards, powerful processing and input and output devices – these GIS components are essential to a functional GIS environment.

Let’s look at the demands of GIS software on hardware:

GIS Workstation Typical Hardware

As a GIS analyst, you work with A LOT OF data – almost all geospatial in nature.

You do everything with data. You display, capture, edit, share, visualize, manage, delete GIS data.

If you’re in the market to buy or build a GIS workstation from scratch… You’re essentially making an investment in your career.

Here is what you should look for in an ideal GIS workstation:

1. Dual Monitors – Seeing Double

Every GIS analyst likes working with dual monitors. I haven’t found one who doesn’t.

The efficient GIS analyst uses dual monitors instead of a single large monitor. With the heavy amount of multitasking you’ll be doing in GIS, you need two screens for optimal vision and task organization.

When you edit GIS data, analysts separate their GIS visuals and attributes on separate screens. Hands down – two screens beat a single large monitor.

2. Central Processing Unit (CPU) – Your Workhorse

GIS is CPU heavy. The central processing unit (CPU) is your work horse. The CPU is your headquarters for processing data. When you run an intensive GIS process, the system gets maxed out. Overclocking is common in the world of GIS and CPU performance reduces the lag.

Modern computers have multi-core processing so they can perform more than one task at the same time. Multiple cores split tasks into separate pieces. As long as the software program are written to take advantage of multiple cores, this can increase overall speed.

3. Random Access Memory (RAM) – Temporary Memory

Computers process data really quickly. But hard drives are really slow in comparison. If you read and write all your processed data directly from your hard drive, computers would be too slow because the hard drive couldn’t keep up with the processor speed.

RAM addresses this problem. RAM is where data is temporarily stored that is fast to read and write. RAM is extremely fast and is the best place to store frequently used data. When GIS software programs are active for in-memory workspaces, the data is stored in the system’s internal memory (RAM).

4. Hard Disk Drives (HDD) – Permanent Storage

Hard disk drives generally store data in spinning magnetic disks as secondary storage. Disk drives are used to transfer large blocks of data and stays in memory until it’s needed. This depends on rotations per minute. Hard drives are much cheaper because it doesn’t have to move data quickly like RAM.

Solid state drives are a newer type of hard drive and are much faster. The technology they use are like flash drives without any moving parts like spinning disks. It depends on how much data it can read/write per second.

If you work with LiDAR and other large data sets, your HDD will fill up pretty quickly.

5. Graphics Processing Unit – Visualize Smoother

The GPU works for GIS display and graphics such as zooming and panning in a map. A good graphics processing unit renders multi layered maps and symbology smoothly. It helps display 3D data with ease.

Although a lot of attention is placed on CPU, your GPU ultimately powers layers to draw on your high resolution monitor. When working with large data sets like LiDAR and parcel fabric, a good GPU really starts to shine for redrawing, zooming and panning data.

6. Flash Drives – Quick External Storage

Flash drives store data in solid state memory. You simply insert your USB memory stick, and transfer files like a breeze.

They don’t have any moving parts and don’t require power to retain data. Flash drives are easy to transfer back and forth, they are very portable and are becoming an inexpensive option to store data.

7. CD-ROM, DVD and Blu-Ray – Permanent External Storage

CD-ROMs may be obsolete but DVDs and Blu-Ray disks are still going strong (as far as I know). Generally, CD-ROMs, DVDs and Blu-Ray disks are used to store permanent data. Burn data on a disk, and that disk will probably be unchanged forever.

They are removable storage devices. Unlike flash drives, these devices use spinning disks to store data. They are inexpensive options for data storage but are much slower than flash drives and hard disk drives.

GIS Personal Computers Options
Even though you don’t need to understand all the details of computer hardware, you should have some understanding of what happens behind the scenes.

Computers have become inexpensive. They are just about everywhere.

Most often, the device you’ll work on in GIS is an ordinary desktop or laptop computer. The term Personal Computer (PC) encompasses devices such as desktops and laptops.

Here are the common types of computers that exist today:

Desktops

A desktop computer is designed to be non-portable and sit beside one’s desk. They don’t have batteries and usually have external keyboards.

Towers enclose the major components of a computer excluding the monitor, keyboard and mouse. Workstations are powerful desktops with extra features such as disk space and graphic cards.

Laptops

Laptops are portable computers often running on batteries. They can be used almost anywhere because they have integrated screens and keyboards.

Laptops often run on batteries. In front of the keyboard, laptops usually have a touchpad or trackball that can be used as mouse.

Notebooks

At a time, notebooks were scaled-down versions of laptops. They were Lightweight, portable, smaller screens without CD-ROM or DVD drives. They compromised performance for portability.

Now, the terms laptops and notebooks have almost become synonymous with very little separation between the two types of computers.

Tablets

Tablets are ultra portable computers. They are generally more expensive and can have the same processing, memory and hard drive as laptop computers.

They are usually equipped with an on-screen keyboard or stylus making them ideal for specific environments. Tablets can recognize handwriting and have virtual keyboards.

Mainframes

Mainframes are centralized computers that support numerous workstations. Large organizations use mainframes with each user connecting to a dumb terminal.

Hundreds of users can have software updates from the central server. Cloud computing involves users connecting remotely through a browser. Applications and data storage are maintained on a central server.

Servers

Servers are computers that support multiple users accessing client applications simultaneously. It runs an instance of software and accepts clients requests.

Mainframes, cloud servers and minis are examples of servers. Users can access these servers and information is held centrally where users can share and access data collaboratively.

How Central Processing Units Work

The central processing unit (CPU) takes instructions from the operating system (OS). The CPU takes this instruction set and goes through a repeating cycle

Fetch Instruction: Executable files are binary files with instructions for the CPU. The OS copies the program into RAM then begins feeding the CPU instructions.

Decoding: Each instruction is in binary numbers – (1 = on and 0 = off). The CPU decodes the strings of binary code.

Execution: The CPU performs the actual operation. This is done by the Arithmetic Logic Unit.

This cycle repeats starting at the fetching of instructions.

Moore’s Law in GIS
In the 1960s, the size of computers compared to baby elephants. They were bulky without the ability to just move them in your suitcase.

A fellow by the name of Gordon Moore observed that the same size chip will double in speed every 18 months.

Like clockwork, this prediction had been true and is coined the term ‘Moore’s Law’.

What does the future hold?
Quantum computing? Virtual reality GIS?

Conclusion
We’ve reviewed some of the essential GIS hardware components – CPUs, dual monitors, RAM, HDD and GPUs.

All play a key role in how well your choice in GIS software will run.

Let us know where GIS users should spend their money for computer hardware below.

Source: GIS Geography